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Nonrandomized Controlled Trials
Han G. Ngo, Chaitu Dandu, Girish B. Nair, and Sayf Al-Katib
Publication Date: 2023
Experimental studies can be divided into two broad categories: true experimental and quasi-experimental studies. An archetypical example of a true experimental study design is randomized controlled trials (RCTs), where participants are assigned to one of the comparison groups (e.g., either control or treatment group) randomly. Randomization yields comparison groups with minimal selection bias, enhancing the ability to assess the causal relationship between the intervention and the outcome. Although considered the gold standard for clinical research, RCTs are not always possible due to logistic and ethical concerns. Hence, nonrandomized controlled trials (NCTs)—a quasi-experimental study design that does not utilize random assignment—can be good alternatives when RCTs are not feasible. It should be noted that NCTs can also fall under prospective studies in addition to experimental studies. This chapter will focus on NCTs including basic principles, strengths and weaknesses, and applicability in interventional radiology research.
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Principles of Antibiotic Use and the Selection of Empiric Therapy for Pneumonia
Girish Balachandran Nair and Michael S. Niederman
Publication Date: 11-2022
Fishman’s Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders delivers unparalleled coverage of pulmonary medicine. With 2,000+ photos and illustrations, 60 videos, and 18,000 references, this peerless resource provides a comprehensive overview of the scientific basis of lung function in healthy people and in those with disease.
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Diagnosis and management of clostridium difficile infection (CDI)
Paul C. Johnson, Minh Le, Matthew D Sims, and Paul D. Bozyk
Publication Date: 2020
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Principles of nutrition in the critically ill patient
Shaiva G. Meka and Paul D. Bozyk
Publication Date: 2020
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Severity Assessment of Pneumonia
Vivek Jayaschandran and Girish Balachandran Nair
Publication Date: 6-20-2019
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Acute Infectious Pneumonia
Girish Balachandran Nair and Michael S. Niederman
Publication Date: 2018
Pneumonia is a common community- and hospital-acquired infection that is managed in the intensive care unit (ICU) when it leads to acute respiratory failure or septic shock, or when it complicates the course of an otherwise serious illness. Modern medical technology has not been able to eliminate this infection. Rather, it has promoted its emergence by the application of novel, life-sustaining therapies in specific atrisk populations who have impairments in respiratory tract host defenses. This chapter reviews the scope of the problem among seriously ill patients.
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Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Girish Balachandran Nair and Michael S. Niederman
Publication Date: 2017
Pneumonia is an infection of the gas-exchanging units of the lung and has a wide spectrum of clinical severity, ranging from mild outpatient illness to severe respiratory failure and sepsis. Together, pneumonia and influenza are the eighth leading cause of death in the United States and the number one cause of death from infectious diseases. 12 Pneumonia in the community setting or within 48 hours following admission is termed community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The “community” also includes patients with exposure to the healthcare environment, and pneumonia in such patients is referred to as “health care–associated pneumonia” (HCAP).
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